Bipolar Disorder

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition marked by extreme mood swings, including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood shifts can disrupt daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. The disorder typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood and persists throughout life​.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

1. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode lasting at least seven days or severe enough to require hospitalization, often alternating with depressive episodes.

2. Bipolar II Disorder: Involves at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, which is less severe than full mania.

3. Cyclothymic Disorder: A milder form involving numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full diagnostic criteria for a manic or major depressive episode.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Symptoms vary depending on whether an individual is experiencing mania, hypomania, or depression:

1. Manic Symptoms:

• Elevated or irritable mood.

• Increased energy, talkativeness, or distractibility.

• Impulsive decision-making or risky behaviours (e.g., excessive spending, unprotected sex).

• Decreased need for sleep.

2. Depressive Symptoms:

• Persistent sadness or hopelessness.

• Fatigue and lack of energy.

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.

• Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.

• Changes in appetite or sleep patterns.

3. Hypomania:

• Like mania but less intense and shorter in duration. It does not typically cause significant disruption in daily functioning.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but contributing factors include:

• Genetics: A family history of bipolar disorder increases risk.

• Brain Structure and Function: Neurotransmitter imbalances and structural differences in the brain may play a role.

• Environmental Triggers: Stressful life events, trauma, or substance abuse can trigger episodes.​

Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder:

• Clinical Assessment: Detailed interviews about mood patterns and behaviour.

• Mood Charting: Tracking daily emotional states to identify patterns.

• Exclusion of Other Conditions: Ruling out medical conditions or substance use as a cause of symptoms.

Treatment and Management

1. Medication:

• Mood Stabilizers: Lithium is commonly used to prevent mood swings.

• Antipsychotics: Help manage severe mania or mixed episodes.

• Antidepressants: Sometimes prescribed, typically alongside mood stabilizers.

2. Psychotherapy:

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps manage negative thought patterns.

• Psychoeducation: Teaches patients and families about the disorder to aid in the early identification of mood changes.

3. Lifestyle Modifications:

• Establishing a regular sleep routine.

• Avoiding alcohol and recreational drugs.

• Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness or yoga.

4. Emergency Care: Hospitalization may be necessary during severe manic or depressive episodes, particularly if there is a risk of harm.

Living with Bipolar Disorder

With effective treatment and self-care, many individuals with bipolar disorder lead fulfilling lives. Strategies include:

• Maintaining a strong support network.

• Regularly monitoring symptoms with a healthcare provider.

• Adhering to treatment plans to prevent relapses.

‍